PostgreSQL 语法
默认情况下 PostgreSQL 安装完成后,自带了一个命令行工具 SQL Shell(psql)。
Linux 系统可以直接切换到 postgres 用户来开启命令行工具:
# sudo -i -u postgres
Windows 系统一般在它的安装目录下:
Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql)
Mac OS 我们直接搜索就可以了找到:
进入命令行工具,我们可以使用 \help 来查看各个命令的语法 :
postgres-# \help <command_name>
例如,我们查看下 select 语句的语法:
postgres=# \help SELECT Command: SELECT Description: retrieve rows from a table or view Syntax: [ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ] SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ] [ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ] [ FROM from_item [, ...] ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition [, ...] ] [ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ...] ] [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ] [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ] [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ] [ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ] from_item 可以是以下选项之一: [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
SQL 语句
一个 SQL 语句通常包含了关键字、标识符(字段)、常量、特殊符号等,下面是一个简单的 SQL 语句:
SELECT id, name FROM runoob
SELECT | id, name | FROM | runoob | |
---|---|---|---|---|
符号类型 | 关键字 | 标识符(字段) | 关键字 | 标识符 |
描述 | 命令 | id 和 name 字段 | 语句,用于设置条件规则等 | 表名 |
PostgreSQL 命令
ABORT
ABORT 用于退出当前事务。
ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
ALTER AGGREGATE
修改一个聚集函数的定义 。
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO _new_name_ ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO _new_owner_ ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_
ALTER COLLATION
修改一个排序规则定义 。
ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_ ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_ ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_
ALTER CONVERSION
修改一个编码转换的定义。
ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER DATABASE
修改一个数据库。
ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT } ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
定义默认的访问权限。
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES [ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ] [ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ] abbreviated_grant_or_revoke where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of: GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON TABLES TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] ...
ALTER DOMAIN
修改一个域的定义。
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT } ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER FUNCTION
修改一个函数的定义。
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER GROUP
修改一个用户组。
ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ] ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ] ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name
ALTER INDEX
修改一个索引的定义。
ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER LANGUAGE
修改一个过程语言的定义。
ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR
改变一个操作符的定义。
ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } ) OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
修改一个操作符表的定义。
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER SCHEMA
修改一个模式的定义。
ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER SEQUENCE
修改一个序列生成器的定义。
ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ] [ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ] [ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]
ALTER TABLE
修改表的定义。
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] action [, ... ] ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column ALTER TABLE name RENAME TO new_name
其中 action 可以是以选项之一:
ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ] DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ] ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN } ADD table_constraint DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] CLUSTER ON index_name SET WITHOUT CLUSTER SET WITHOUT OIDS OWNER TO new_owner SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name
ALTER TABLESPACE
修改一个表空间的定义。
ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER TRIGGER
修改改变一个触发器的定义 。
ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TYPE
修改一个类型的定义 。
ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER USER
修改数据库用户帐号 。
ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT } ALTER USER name RESET parameter
Where option can be −
[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password' | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER | VALID UNTIL 'abstime'
ANALYZE
收集与数据库有关的统计。
ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]
BEGIN
开始一个事务块。
BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
transaction_mode 可以是以下选项之一:
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY
CHECKPOINT
强制一个事务日志检查点 。
CHECKPOINT
CLOSE
关闭游标。
CLOSE name
CLUSTER
根据一个索引对某个表盘簇化排序。
CLUSTER index_name ON table_name CLUSTER table_name CLUSTER
COMMENT
定义或者改变一个对象的注释。
COMMENT ON { TABLE object_name | COLUMN table_name.column_name | AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) | CAST (source_type AS target_type) | CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name | CONVERSION object_name | DATABASE object_name | DOMAIN object_name | FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) | INDEX object_name | LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid | OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) | OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method | [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name | RULE rule_name ON table_name | SCHEMA object_name | SEQUENCE object_name | TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name | TYPE object_name | VIEW object_name } IS 'text'
COMMIT
提交当前事务。
COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
COPY
在表和文件之间拷贝数据。
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ] FROM { 'filename' | STDIN } [ WITH ] [ BINARY ] [ OIDS ] [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ] [ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ] [ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ] [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ] [ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ] COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ] TO { 'filename' | STDOUT } [ [ WITH ] [ BINARY ] [ OIDS ] [ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ] [ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ] [ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ] [ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ] [ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]
CREATE AGGREGATE
定义一个新的聚集函数。
CREATE AGGREGATE name ( BASETYPE = input_data_type, SFUNC = sfunc, STYPE = state_data_type [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ] [, INITCOND = initial_condition ] )
CREATE CAST
定义一个用户定义的转换。
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types) [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ] CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type) WITHOUT FUNCTION [ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER
定义一个新的约束触发器 。
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name AFTER events ON table_name constraint attributes FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )
CREATE CONVERSION
定义一个新的的编码转换。
CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name
CREATE DATABASE
创建新数据库。
CREATE DATABASE name [ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ] [ TEMPLATE [=] template ] [ ENCODING [=] encoding ] [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] ]
CREATE DOMAIN
定义一个新域。
CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type [ DEFAULT expression ] [ constraint [ ... ] ]
constraint 可以是以下选项之一:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }
CREATE FUNCTION
定义一个新函数。
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] ) RETURNS ret_type { LANGUAGE lang_name | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER | AS 'definition' | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol' } ... [ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]
CREATE GROUP
定义一个新的用户组。
CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ] Where option can be: SYSID gid | USER username [, ...]
CREATE INDEX
定义一个新索引。
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ] ( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] ) [ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [ WHERE predicate ]
CREATE LANGUAGE
定义一种新的过程语言。
CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]
CREATE OPERATOR
定义一个新的操作符。
CREATE OPERATOR name ( PROCEDURE = func_name [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ] [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ] [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ] [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ] [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ] [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ] )
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
定义一个新的操作符表。
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type USING index_method AS { OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ] | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] ) | STORAGE storage_type } [, ... ]
CREATE ROLE
定义一个新的数据库角色。
CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ] where `_option_` can be: SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE ...
CREATE RULE
定义一个新重写规则。
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event TO table [ WHERE condition ] DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }
CREATE SCHEMA
定义一个新模式。
CREATE SCHEMA schema_name [ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ] CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SERVER
定义一个新的外部服务器。。
CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ] FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_ [ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]
CREATE SEQUENCE
定义一个新序列发生器。
CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ] [ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ] [ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ] [ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]
CREATE TABLE
定义一个新表。
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ] | table_constraint | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] } [, ... ] ) [ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ] [ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ] [ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ] [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
column_constraint 可以是以下选项之一:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { NOT NULL | NULL | UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | CHECK (expression) | REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ] [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ] [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] } [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
table_constraint 可以是以下选项之一:
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] | CHECK ( expression ) | FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ] [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ] [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] } [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
CREATE TABLE AS
从一条查询的结果中定义一个新表。
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name [ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ] AS query
CREATE TABLESPACE
定义一个新的表空间。
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'
CREATE TRIGGER
定义一个新的触发器。
CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] } ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ] EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )
CREATE TYPE
定义一个新的数据类型。
CREATE TYPE name AS ( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] ) CREATE TYPE name ( INPUT = input_function, OUTPUT = output_function [, RECEIVE = receive_function ] [, SEND = send_function ] [, ANALYZE = analyze_function ] [, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ] [, PASSEDBYVALUE ] [, ALIGNMENT = alignment ] [, STORAGE = storage ] [, DEFAULT = default ] [, ELEMENT = element ] [, DELIMITER = delimiter ] )
CREATE USER
创建一个新的数据库用户帐户。
CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
option 可以是以下选项之一:
SYSID uid | [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password' | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER | IN GROUP group_name [, ...] | VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'
CREATE VIEW
定义一个视图。
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query
DEALLOCATE
删除一个准备好的查询。
DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name
DECLARE
定义一个游标。
DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ] CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query [ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]
DELETE
删除一个表中的行。
DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]
DROP AGGREGATE
删除一个用户定义的聚集函数。
DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP CAST
删除一个用户定义的类型转换。
DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP CONVERSION
删除一个用户定义的编码转换。
DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP DATABASE
删除一个数据库。
DROP DATABASE name
DROP DOMAIN
删除一个用户定义的域。
DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP FUNCTION
删除一个函数。
DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP GROUP
删除一个用户组。
DROP GROUP name
DROP INDEX
删除一个索引。
DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP LANGUAGE
删除一个过程语言。
DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP OPERATOR
删除一个操作符。
DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP OPERATOR CLASS
删除一个操作符表。
DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP ROLE
删除一个数据库角色。
DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...]
DROP RULE
删除一个重写规则。
DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP SCHEMA
删除一个模式。
DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP SEQUENCE
删除一个序列。
DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP TABLE
删除一个表。
DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP TABLESPACE
删除一个表空间。
DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name
DROP TRIGGER
删除一个触发器定义。
DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP TYPE
删除一个用户定义数据类型。
DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP USER
删除一个数据库用户帐号。
DROP USER name
DROP VIEW
删除一个视图。
DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
END
提交当前的事务。
END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
EXECUTE
执行一个准备好的查询。
EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]
EXPLAIN
显示一个语句的执行规划。
EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement
FETCH
用游标从查询中抓取行。
FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
direction 可以是以下选项之一:
NEXT PRIOR FIRST LAST ABSOLUTE count RELATIVE count count ALL FORWARD FORWARD count FORWARD ALL BACKWARD BACKWARD count BACKWARD ALL
GRANT
定义访问权限。
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON DATABASE db_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
INSERT
在表中创建新行,即插入数据。
INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ] { DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }
LISTEN
监听一个通知。
LISTEN name
LOAD
加载或重载一个共享库文件。
LOAD 'filename'
LOCK
锁定一个表。
LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]
lock_mode 可以是以下选项之一:
ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE | SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE
MOVE
定位一个游标。
MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
NOTIFY
生成一个通知。
NOTIFY name
PREPARE
创建一个准备好的查询。
PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement
REINDEX
重建索引。
REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
删除一个前面定义的保存点。
RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
RESET
把一个运行时参数值恢复为默认值。
RESET name RESET ALL
REVOKE
删除访问权限。
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON DATABASE db_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ] REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ] { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
ROLLBACK
退出当前事务。
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
回滚到一个保存点。
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
SAVEPOINT
在当前事务里定义一个新的保存点。
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name
SELECT
从表或视图中取出若干行。
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ] * | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...] [ FROM from_item [, ...] ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition [, ...] ] [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ] [ OFFSET start ] [ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]from_item 可以是以下选项:
[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ] ( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ] function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] ) from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item [ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]
SELECT INTO
从一个查询的结果中定义一个新表。
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ] * | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...] INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table [ FROM from_item [, ...] ] [ WHERE condition ] [ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ] [ HAVING condition [, ...] ] [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ] [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ] [ OFFSET start ] [ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
SET
修改运行时参数。
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT } SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }
SET CONSTRAINTS
设置当前事务的约束检查模式。
SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
为当前会话设置会话用户标识符和当前用户标识符。
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
SET TRANSACTION
开始一个事务块。
SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...] SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
Where transaction_mode is one of −
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY
SHOW
显示运行时参数的值。
SHOW name SHOW ALL
START TRANSACTION
开始一个事务块。
START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
transaction_mode 可以是下面的选项之一:
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED } READ WRITE | READ ONLY
TRUNCATE
清空一个或一组表。
TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name
UNLISTEN
停止监听通知信息。
UNLISTEN { name | * }
UPDATE
更新一个表中的行。
UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] [ FROM from_list ] [ WHERE condition ]
VACUUM
垃圾收集以及可选地分析一个数据库。
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ] VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]
VALUES
计算一个或一组行。
VALUES ( _expression_ [, ...] ) [, ...] [ ORDER BY _sort_expression_ [ ASC | DESC | USING _operator_ ] [, ...] ] [ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ] [ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ] [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
更多内容可以参考手册中的 SQL 语法:http://www.runoob.com/manual/PostgreSQL/sql-syntax.html。
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